El Salvador Essays (1473 words) - El Salvador, Republics

El Salvador Kelly Pire 2/15/01 World Geography report El Salvador Here are historical facts on El Salvador. The history of El Salvador revolves around land. It is the smallest country in Central America. Agriculture defined the economic life of the country well before the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors in the early 1500s. The unequal distribution of land in El Salvador can be traced directly to the Spanish colonial system, under which land title was invested in the crown. The individuals that got to control areas of land acted, as slaves over the lands. Although the Indian population gradually was diminished through disease and abuse, it eventually went into a growing mestizo (mixed Caucasian and Indian) population, its position was at the base of society was assumed by the rural lower class. Until the mid-twentieth century, the patterns of landownership and income distribution ran unequally throughout the population. As elsewhere in Latin America, those with more got more, those with less got less. Under the model of monoculture export that came to prevail in El Salvador, the concentration of land into large units, or haciendas, made for greater overall efficiency of production. The other side of the economic coin, however, was engraved with images of worsening poverty, illiteracy, and disease as the single-minded pursuit of wealth by a little percent of the population denied the vast majority of Salvadorans access to more than a subsistence level of income. Here are today's facts on El Salvador. El Salvador is located in Middle America, it borders the North Pacific Ocean, and its between Guatemala and Honduras. Its geographic coordinates are 13 50 N, 88 55 W, it is referenced to be in Central America and the Caribbean. The total area of El Salvador is 21,040 square kilometer, but 320 square kilometers is water. That total area is a little smaller than Massachusetts. El Salvador has a total coastline of 307 kilometers. Since it is in the Caribbean it experiences a tropical climate. Its terrain is mostly mountains, and a central plateau. Its lowest elevation is sea level and the highest point is Cerro El Pital at 2,730 meters. El Salvador has a few natural resources, hydropower, geothermal power, and petroleum. It land use goes for only 8% crops, 5% forest, 29% pastures and 27% of the land is arable. There is 1,200 square kilometers of irrigated land. El Salvador is known as the land of Volcanoes; there are many earthquakes and volcanic a ctivity. Many problems exist in El Salvador like; deforestation, soil erosion, water pollution, contaminations of soils from toxic wastes, and damage from Hurricane Mitch. There are many different peoples in El Salvador. It has a total population of 5,839,079. In the age group of 0-14 only 38% are males, 15-64 years old 58% are males and 65 years and older only 5% are males. The birth rate exceeds the death rate by 20%, but there are 28.38/1000 deaths in babies. The life expectancy is 67 years old for a male, and 74 years old for a female. There are about 3 kids per family. There are 3 major ethnic groups, mestizo 94%, Amerindian 5%, and whites, which makes up 1% of the population. 75% of the population is of the Roman Catholic religion. The people speak either Spanish, of Nahua. Most of the people over 15 can read and write. 72% of the population is literate. The population of El Salvador increased from 1.9 million inhabitants in 1950 to 4.1 million in 1975 and 4.7 million in 1984. It was projected to increase to 8.8 million by the year 2000. In other words, the populations would have doubled in each quarter century since 1950. Birth rates show that total fertility rates ranged from 6.1 to 6.3 in the mid-1970's down from 6.7 in 1961. Analysts projected that this rate would drop to 4.4 in 1995-2000. The decrease in the level of fertility since 1961 was seen in the 20-39 year old age group. The Republic of El Salvador is a republic country. Its capital is San Salvador. There are 14 administrative divisions in El Salvador. It is Ahuachapan, Cabanas, Chalatenango, Cuscatlan, La Libertad, La Paz, La Union, Morazzan, San Miguel, San Salvador, Santa Ana , San Vicente, Sonsonate,

Free Essays on China Country Briefing

1. Executive Summary China is a country that is developing day by day. China was a country that had problems with growth and struggled economically. It wasn’t until the early part of 2001, when China officially maintained a steady growth economically. There are records that would show that China had already achieved and surpassed the government’s declared target at seven percent growth; but figures from the Chinese government are often distorted to meet standards due to the governments’ involvement in business and the fiscal stimulus program. Now according to many analysts, China’s economy has achieved a â€Å"soft landing†. They did this by establishing a stable growth with low inflation. Even with this improvement in China’s economy many believe that with all of the hundreds of millions of people without employment who work for the nation’s state-owned sectors. There will not be enough investments and profit to resolve china’s structural problems. Since about 1980 the Chinese government has had a strong role in their economy. The government is the ultimate owner of State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs), which is mainly the Communist Party. They also control two thirds of an urban employment know as GDP. The government also has eliminated controls on the prices of goods such as transportation, grains, cotton, and coal. The government also sets all interest rates and financial institution fees. In terms of trade, china restricts many imports by setting high tariffs and taxes, trading rights restrictions, and a variety of other barriers. Due to the strict laws and tariffs china has to deal with smuggling. China is now working closely with the WTO to help its economy grow and become sable. They have now cut tariffs on many goods, along with reducing the number of goods with import quotas. China’s industrial sector is made up mainly by manufacturing, mining, and construction. Industrial makes up abou... Free Essays on China Country Briefing Free Essays on China Country Briefing 1. Executive Summary China is a country that is developing day by day. China was a country that had problems with growth and struggled economically. It wasn’t until the early part of 2001, when China officially maintained a steady growth economically. There are records that would show that China had already achieved and surpassed the government’s declared target at seven percent growth; but figures from the Chinese government are often distorted to meet standards due to the governments’ involvement in business and the fiscal stimulus program. Now according to many analysts, China’s economy has achieved a â€Å"soft landing†. They did this by establishing a stable growth with low inflation. Even with this improvement in China’s economy many believe that with all of the hundreds of millions of people without employment who work for the nation’s state-owned sectors. There will not be enough investments and profit to resolve china’s structural problems. Since about 1980 the Chinese government has had a strong role in their economy. The government is the ultimate owner of State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs), which is mainly the Communist Party. They also control two thirds of an urban employment know as GDP. The government also has eliminated controls on the prices of goods such as transportation, grains, cotton, and coal. The government also sets all interest rates and financial institution fees. In terms of trade, china restricts many imports by setting high tariffs and taxes, trading rights restrictions, and a variety of other barriers. Due to the strict laws and tariffs china has to deal with smuggling. China is now working closely with the WTO to help its economy grow and become sable. They have now cut tariffs on many goods, along with reducing the number of goods with import quotas. China’s industrial sector is made up mainly by manufacturing, mining, and construction. Industrial makes up abou...

Legal aspect of the gas and oil industry Coursework

Legal aspect of the gas and oil industry - Coursework Example A country with natural resource (usually oil and gas) allows companies to explore areas for oil and gas. When the enterprise generates revenue through oil exploration it first covers the expenses such as materials, machinery, and operational costs. The rest is the profit that is usually split in 20/80 ratio. The 20% share goes to the company, and the government takes the remaining 80% share. This is still highly profitable for companies. Contractual arrangements are divided into two main categories; service contracts and production sharing contracts. The difference between the two depends on whether or not the contract receives compensation in cash or in-kind (crude) (Johnston, 1994). Generally speaking, both contracts are referred to as production sharing contracts (PSC) or production sharing agreement (PSA) because of the commonalities. The Philippine government alternatively refers to their contractual arrangements as either a service contract (Johnston, 1994). The oil community does a similar thing but ordinarily calls it a PSC. The PSC is a risk service contract because the contractor pays a fee for conducting exploration and production operations. The contract of the century is a term used for a PSA between 11 major oil companies and Azerbaijan for exploration of oil in this region (Ciarreta & Nasirov, 2012). This form of contract is highly feasible for developing countries. The petroleum fiscal systems in the majority of developing countries are opting for PSCs (Pongsiri, 2004). Settings of PSC are not unique or a recent invention. Upon analysing the spirit of the contract, it would seem quite similar to the agreements already in existence in places like Indonesia. For this reason, it was much easier to implement the terms of the PSC for oil exploration in Indonesia. The country already had the concept of â€Å"crop sharing† between the farmers and the landlords that

Advertising through Video Games Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8750 words

Advertising through Video Games - Coursework Example However, building a brand that can withstand the test of time and retain its undisputed position among the consumers is definitely not an easy task. As human creativity coupled with technological advancements is on a constant inclination, companies face challenges from all sides. Companies are always pushed to the extremes of being the leaders of the global market than mere survivors. The concept of 'blue ocean markets' has now become a clich as every market sector throngs with more and more companies with relentless aim to carve a niche market for themselves. In such scenarios, strategic companies go beyond the textbooks of brand equity and charter the new areas. One such medium that possesses promise, to loft almost every brand today is the Video Gaming arena.Human brain has always been looking for newer aspects in the various categories faced in life. As the consumer's vision of gaining information over the radio and television has drifted to the newer and faster technologies like computers, there was a necessity to hire new methodologies to reach out for them. The best method to involve the consumers of all age groups was to focus on the advertising aspects through Video Games.This paper mainly aims at studying the factors involved and the prospective benefits that advertising through video games brings about. As a part of its endeavor to answer the primary question, the paper also presents several insights into the world of brand equity. The research also concentrates upon various intangible factors related to the brand of a company that differentiates it's product in the market. It presents the importance of a strong brand value, its importance in modern marketing and the various factors that carve a brand for a product. For a better understanding we also study the pattern of advertising video games right from its evolution. Finally it also throws light on the lesser studied world of video gaming, the enormous prospects it holds and how it can act as a bo on to a company. Results of various research works are analyzed based on the consumer perceptions, effect of product placements and so on. The research is conducted basically to try and understand the tangible results that advertising through video gaming provides. Introduction Research has clearly proved that the consumer's perception has a direct relationship to a brand's market value and consequently the success of the business. Attitudes and perceptions of consumers build the overall brand equity for a particular product. Marketers of various companies invest large amounts of money and time into molding the consumer perceptions about their goods. As for some clients a brand of a product is the matter of prestige and pride, it is easier to set a mark on such mindsets. It is very obvious that, if the consumer is satisfied with the claims made by the company, he will join the company's clientele and remain there as long as the company backs out of the initial promise. A brand is considered as a promise made by the producer to the consumer about the various features embedded in the product. It mainly intensifies the quality of the product. Advertising has been the oldest and yet thriving means to shape the attitudes and perceptions of consumers about the pr oduct of a company. The advertising mediums have been taking various shapes based on time and technological aspects. IPSOS ASI, a leading advertising research company conducted a study comprising

Starbucks Coffee Shop Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Starbucks Coffee Shop - Essay Example The Starbucks brand has been known not only for its coffee and food, but mostly for being one of the companies which incorporates customer service as part of its brand proposition. Over the years, Starbucks has positioned itself as the third place, next to home, and office or school. This so-called Starbucks experience embodies the intangible aspect of the store's brand offer. The core products that Starbucks offers are tea, coffee and pastries. However, even though being a coffee shop does not confine the Starbucks brand as a store where such products can be bought. This intangible (Gabbott & Hogg, 1994) that accompanies the products that consumers pay for is comprised of the total experience they get in the form of service from the shop's crews. Apart from the physical product such as coffee and food, the service in the Starbucks requires customers to participate in the service. This according to Wolak, Kalafatis and Harris (1998) is the inseparability characteristic of service. Because consumption cannot be separated from the provider which is the Starbucks' staff, what Starbucks offers can only be achieved by the customer by participating in the service, i.e. placing her order, and paying and waiting for her drink. That is, it is required on the customer's part to personally take part in the service, which they do so by queuing in the line and waiting for her turn, placing the order that they desire and then waiting for it, either on the table (for food) or at the counter (for coffee). This is the inseparability of Starbucks. Variability/heterogeneity The third dimension of service according to Gabbott and Hogg (1994) is the heterogeneity of the service. In terms of Starbucks' service, its variability lies in the difference between employees at the service counter who greet the consumers. While the way employees get orders from employees and serve them their drink vary less, the methods as regards employees approach to interacting with the employees varies in terms of the way they greet their customers. This is because in the former action, the idea behind the action is the same; that is, the employee takes the order, processes it and delivers it to the customers. In the latter performance, although the idea is the same, there are reasons for variations that depend on the employees' ability to interact with the customer. Perishability The fourth dimension of service is perishability or its dependence on time as regards its consumption (Wolak, Kalafatis & Harris, 1998). Starbucks' service is perishable in that as the customers become more aware of the inability of supply of service, they can opt to

Density and Salinity of Seawater †Comparison of Methods

Density and Salinity of Seawater – Comparison of Methods Sergian Murtanu, Lab partner: Sammy Chaaban Abstract: The goal of this experiment was to compare the salinity of seawater from different methods. The average salinity in seawater is around 35 parts per thousand. 3 The BOD bottles were used to find the density of seawater, the equation to state was then applied, using density to determine the salinity. The salinity of seawater from the BOD method was 33.37 ppt  ± 0.08737 with a relative standard deviation of 0.2618 percent. Using the same equation of state, the salinity was determined from the readings recorded by the density meter. The density meter produced salinity values of 34.75 ppt  ± 1.403, with an RSD% of 4.038. The conductivity probe measured the ability of the solution to pass current. The Unesco equation is used to convert the measured conductivity of seawater to salinity, which was calculated to be 42.71 ppt  ± 0.04359 with a RSD% of 0.1021. The refractometer measured the extent of which is bent, giving the refractive index. The average salinity through refra ctive index was 36.14 ppm  ± 2.56, with an RSD% of 0.1884. Introduction: The purpose of this experiment was to determine the salinity of seawater through two different methods: BOD bottles (volume) and density meter. Salinity, temperature, and density are related to each other through the equation of state. Physical properties of seawater are related through ‘state functions’. Salinity is defined as a measure of the total dissolved salts in a solution. As density increases, the amount of salt in seawater is expected to increase as well. Thus, density and salinity have a positive relationship with each other. As temperature increases, the area between each water molecule increases, which lowers the density.5 Density has an inverse relationship with temperature. An increase in the salts dissolved in seawater also causes the physical properties of: refractive index, electrical conductivity, transmission of sound, and surface tension to increase. On the contrary, increased salinity in seawater will cause the physical property of: freezing point, compressibility, solubility, and specific heat to decrease instead. Using the methods of electrical conductivity, BOD bottles, density meter, and refractometer, the salinity of seawater will be calculated and compared for the most accurate results. 3 Experimental: Apparatus: BOD Bottles Conductivity probe Density meter Refractometer Analytical balances Procedure: The density of seawater through the BOD method was discovered by finding the volume of both DI water and seawater. The BOD bottle is weighed dry, and filled with DI water. The temperature of each BOD bottle with DI is taken, and gives a corresponding density value through a chart. Using the equation: Volume=Mass/Density, the volume of DI water can be calculated. This process is repeated with seawater, with density of seawater being the weight of seawater divided by the mean volume of DI water. The density meter method uses a magnet to measure the period oscillation within the U-shaped tube. Seawater is put in the U-shaped tube. This gives the period of oscillation, T, which is then used in the equation: Ï =AT2 + B , to give the density of seawater(A, B are calibration coefficients). The equation of state given in the spreadsheet, Millero Density Spreadsheet is then used to calculate the salinity at the given density and temperature. 4 The conductivity probe is used to compare the trend between salinity and density. A conductivity probe is first calibrated, then put in a beaker of DI water, standard solution, and seawater. The reading is measured, with the probe cleaned between every new trial. Conductivity is the ability for a solution to pass current, so it is expected that salinity and density have a positive relationship. Using the formula given in the Unesco Equation Spreadsheet, the conductivity ratio is used to calculate the salinity. 1 The refractometer is a tool that measures the extent in which light is bent. Drop a sample of seawater to the measuring prism and use the hand wheel to adjust the sight. The illuminating prism should be put at the halfway point of the sample, this then gives the refractive index. Using given slope and intercept â€Å"Salinity vs. Refractive Index and Salinity vs. Specific Gravity Curves, the salinity and specific gravity is then calculated. 2 Results: Table 1 – Seawater salinity in BOD Bottle Trial Temperature (C) Salinity 1 21.5 33.35 2 21.6 33.47 3 21.7 33.30 Mean Salinity 33.37 Standard Deviation 0.08737 Relative Standard Deviation % 0.2618 Table 2 – Salinity of seawater by density meter Data obtained by Jessica Oregon Trial Temperature (C) Salinity 1 20 33.53 2 20 35.95 3 20 33.53 4 20 35.97 Mean Salinity 34.75 Standard Deviation 1.403 Relative Standard Deviation % 4.038 Table 3 – Salinity of seawater by refractive index Trial Seawater Salinity 1 1.3400 38.37 2 1.3391 33.34 3 1.3397 36.69 Mean Salinity 36.14 Standard Deviation 2.560 Relative Standard Deviation % 7.083 Table 4 – Salinity of seawater by conductivity probe (22.6 C) Trial Seawater (mS/cm) Standard (mS/cm) Salinity 1 49.6 49.4 42.76 2 49.6 49.5 42.68 3 49.7 49.6 42.68 4 49.6 49.4 42.76 5 49.7 49.6 42.68 Mean 49.6 49.5 42.71 Standard Deviation 0.0548 0.100 0.0436 Relative Standard Deviation % 0.110 0.202 0.102 Discussion: The results seem to imply that the salinity in seawater varies depending on the method, as some methods have a lesser chance of error than others. Using the average seawater salinity of 35 ppt as a comparison, most of the results seem to fall between the ranges of 33 to 37. However, the most notable difference is the salinity of seawater by conductivity probe. The conductivity probe method produced a mean salinity of 42.71 ppt  ± 0.0436, with a relative standard deviation of 0.102 percent. The results for the conductivity probe were quite far in comparison to the other method. However, the conductivity method had an RSD% of 0.1021. This indicated that the results while somewhat inaccurate, were very precise. This inaccuracy may have been caused due to systematic errors in our instrument. The conductivity probe might have been calibrated incorrectly, or in the wrong solution. If the calibration was just slightly off, it is possible that this difference might have contributed to the inaccurate salinity results. The solutions measured on the probe might have gotten contaminated without prior knowledge, or it might have simply been a human error in calculations. The result with the highest relative standard deviation was the salinity of seawater by refractive index with 7.083 %. This indicates that there was a lot of variation in salinity for each trial. The salinity ranges from 33.34 to 38.37 ppt. The mean salinity of seawater by refractive index was 36.14 ppt  ± 2.560, which is close to the average seawater salinity of 35. These slightly imprecise results may be due to random and systematic errors. The use of the eyepiece when trying to go to the halfway point might change due to different perception between people. Likewise, reading the refractometer varies between each individual and might change with angle due to parallax. This can really change the data measured and can result in imprecise data. There can also be human errors done during the conversion between refractive index and salinity. The BOD bottle method has a salinity of 33.37 ppt  ± 0.08737 with an RSD% of 0.2618. The very low relative standard deviation indicates that there isn’t much spread within the data. When compared to the average seawater salinity of 35 ppt, it falls a little bit short. This was because there are a lot of possible errors for this method due to the long process of balancing and rebalancing. Possible systematic errors might have occurred on the analytical balances, such as calibration. Random errors, such as the fluctuation of weight in our seawater sample might also have impacted the accuracy. This method was also very time consuming, so it was not the most efficient way of determining the salinity. But, based on the results, it was the most dependable with good accuracy and great precision. The most accurate method when compared to the average value of seawater salinity is the density meter. The density meter has a salinity of 34.75  ± 1.403, with an RSD% of 4.038. The RSD% of 4.038 indicated that there was some variation in the data. However, when compared to the average seawater salinity, this was the closest by far. This method was the most efficient overall because it allowed the opportunity to obtain the density, and salinity value the quickest. However, it’s not perfect because the instrument can calibrated or used incorrectly. While the most precise method goes to the BOD method, the most accurate would go to the density meter. The density meter is also quick and efficient, which make it an excellent tool to calculate the value for salinity. In comparison, the BOD method took far too long and was not nearly as efficient as the density meter method. If there was one thing that should be changed in a repeat of this experiment, it would be giving an extended time for the density meter method. There was not enough time in the assigned lab period, so data from a peer was borrowed and used. Acknowledgements: I would like to thank Sam and George for helping us with calculations. I would also like to thank fellow peer, Jessica Oregon for the data set on seawater density by meter. References: Anderson, George, and Michael Tauber.Unesco Density Spreadsheet. University of California, San Diego: Ted.ucsd.edu, n.d. Xlsx. Tauber, Michael, and George Anderson.Salinity vs Refractive Index and Salinity vs Specific Gravity Curves. University of California, San Diego: Ted.ucsd.edu, n.d. Xlsx. Tauber, Michael, and Robert Pomeroy. 3.5 Density and Salinity lecture.Ted.ucsd.edu. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Feb. 2015. Tauber, Michael, and Robert Pomeroy.Milero Density Spreadsheet. University of California, San Diego: Ted.ucsd.edu, n.d. Xlsx. The Ocean and Temperature.The Ocean and Temperature. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Feb. 2015.

Cloning Essay -- essays research papers

Should Human Cloning be Legal?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cloning captured the public’s attention when Scottish scientists startled the world in July of 1996 when they announced the birth of a sheep named Dolly which they had cloned from the nucleus of an adult mammary cell and a sheep egg. Ever since this spectacular event occurred people have been thinking about the possibility of cloning humans. What would a clone be like? His/her physical appearance would be the same as the person he/she was cloned from, but depending on the society it would be brought up in it’s personality would be totally different. Many people in this decade believe that human cloning should be illegal for many different reasons, but there are many people who think it should be legal. Human cloning is a very sensitive subject with its advantages and disadvantages.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Strictly speaking embryo cloning is a technique used by researchers and animal breeders to split a single embryo into two or more embryos that will have the exact same genetic information (Wall 1117).† â€Å"The procedures used in cloning human embryos are very similar to the cloning of animal embryos, except for the zona pellucida. The zona pellucida is a protective protein and polysaccharide membrane that covers the internal contents of the embryo, and provides the necessary nutrients for the first several cell divisions that occur within the embryo. Several sperm cells and mature egg cells are gathered from donors at fertility clinics, and are combined in a petri dish using in vitro fertilization procedures to form an embryo. In an alternate process, already produced embryos are gathered from fertility clinics. The acquired embryo is placed in a petri dish and is allowed to develop into a mass of two to eight cells. Next a chem ical solution is added to the zona pellucida that covers the embryo. After the zona pellucida is dissolved, the cells within the embryo are freed. These two to eight cells are collected by researchers and put in separate petri dishes (Hale 83).† â€Å"The cells are then coated with an artificial zona pellucida. The individual cells are then considered new embryos, all of which share the same exact genetic information. In effect at this point the science... ...ugh many of the people we know in our daily lives. Cloning will be a big issue in the future kind of like the way abortion is now. Cloning is a very sensitive subject with its advantages and disadvantages. Works Consulted â€Å"Should cloning be banned?† Reason Online. January 2000. http://www.reason.com/biclone.html. Fackelmann, K.A. â€Å"Researchers ‘clone’ human embryos.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Science News of the Week, Vol. 144:276. Hale, W.G. The Harper Collins Biology Dictionary. Harper   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Perennial. New York, New York, 1991:83 Nash, Madeleine. â€Å"The case for cloning.† Time Feb.9, 1998: Vol. 151. No. 5. Wachbroit, Robert. â€Å"Genetic encores: The ethics of human Cloning.† http://www.puaf.umd.edu/ippp/Fall97Report/cloning.htm. Wall, James ed. â€Å"Cloning of embryos stirs ethical   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Concerns.† Christian Century, November 10, 1993:1117. Watson, Traci. â€Å"Seeking the wonder in a mote of dust.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  U.S. News & World Report, October 3, 1994:66 Wilmut, Ian. â€Å"Cloning for Medicine.† Scientific American. December 1998. http://www.sciam.com/1998/1298issue/1298wilmut.html.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cloning Essay -- essays research papers Should Human Cloning be Legal?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cloning captured the public’s attention when Scottish scientists startled the world in July of 1996 when they announced the birth of a sheep named Dolly which they had cloned from the nucleus of an adult mammary cell and a sheep egg. Ever since this spectacular event occurred people have been thinking about the possibility of cloning humans. What would a clone be like? His/her physical appearance would be the same as the person he/she was cloned from, but depending on the society it would be brought up in it’s personality would be totally different. Many people in this decade believe that human cloning should be illegal for many different reasons, but there are many people who think it should be legal. Human cloning is a very sensitive subject with its advantages and disadvantages.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Strictly speaking embryo cloning is a technique used by researchers and animal breeders to split a single embryo into two or more embryos that will have the exact same genetic information (Wall 1117).† â€Å"The procedures used in cloning human embryos are very similar to the cloning of animal embryos, except for the zona pellucida. The zona pellucida is a protective protein and polysaccharide membrane that covers the internal contents of the embryo, and provides the necessary nutrients for the first several cell divisions that occur within the embryo. Several sperm cells and mature egg cells are gathered from donors at fertility clinics, and are combined in a petri dish using in vitro fertilization procedures to form an embryo. In an alternate process, already produced embryos are gathered from fertility clinics. The acquired embryo is placed in a petri dish and is allowed to develop into a mass of two to eight cells. Next a chem ical solution is added to the zona pellucida that covers the embryo. After the zona pellucida is dissolved, the cells within the embryo are freed. These two to eight cells are collected by researchers and put in separate petri dishes (Hale 83).† â€Å"The cells are then coated with an artificial zona pellucida. The individual cells are then considered new embryos, all of which share the same exact genetic information. In effect at this point the science... ...ugh many of the people we know in our daily lives. Cloning will be a big issue in the future kind of like the way abortion is now. Cloning is a very sensitive subject with its advantages and disadvantages. Works Consulted â€Å"Should cloning be banned?† Reason Online. January 2000. http://www.reason.com/biclone.html. Fackelmann, K.A. â€Å"Researchers ‘clone’ human embryos.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Science News of the Week, Vol. 144:276. Hale, W.G. The Harper Collins Biology Dictionary. Harper   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Perennial. New York, New York, 1991:83 Nash, Madeleine. â€Å"The case for cloning.† Time Feb.9, 1998: Vol. 151. No. 5. Wachbroit, Robert. â€Å"Genetic encores: The ethics of human Cloning.† http://www.puaf.umd.edu/ippp/Fall97Report/cloning.htm. Wall, James ed. â€Å"Cloning of embryos stirs ethical   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Concerns.† Christian Century, November 10, 1993:1117. Watson, Traci. â€Å"Seeking the wonder in a mote of dust.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  U.S. News & World Report, October 3, 1994:66 Wilmut, Ian. â€Å"Cloning for Medicine.† Scientific American. December 1998. http://www.sciam.com/1998/1298issue/1298wilmut.html.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚